Heat Load


Since district heating in Sweden is almost solely used to supply heat for space heating and hot water supply, a very strong correlation to the outdoor temperature exists. This affects the composition of the heat load. About 60 percent of the heat produced is related to space heating and is therefore weather-dependent, while hot water supply accounts for 30 percent (Werner 1984). The remaining 10 percent is due to heat losses in the distribution net works.

The design outdoor temperature for district heating systems is set to the lowest 5 day average outdoor temperature appearing once during thirty years. This design temperature varies from - 14 " C in the south to - 36 "C in the inland of the north of Sweden.

The number of degree-days , related to an equivalent indoor temperature of 17 " C, is ranging from 3000 in the south to 7000 in the far north. The equivalent indoor temperature of l7° C has been chosen to take into account internal heat gains from people and electric appliances.

The heat load composition, the design outdoor temperatures, and the number of degree-days give load duration curves, which can be characterized by load utilizationion times between 2800 and 3600 hours, giving load factors between 0,31 and 0,42. The higher figures appear in the north of Sweden.


| Heat and Power Generation | District Heating in Sweden 1948-1990 |