District Heating and Combined Heat and Power Systems

A Technology Review

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| International Energy Agency | 1983 |

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Introduction

This report is geared primarily to central, regional and local government energy policy-makers, programme directors and research and development, as well as to industrial and utility research and development directors and managers, local government officials, the construction industry, financial institutions and consumer groups. The report focuses both on the potential of district heating and combined heat and power technologies in the market place and the barriers to the achievement of this potential and is not, as such, a purely technical review.

The report is based on information and data obtained from Member governments, industry, utilities, and reserach organizations during 1982 and 1982. The Secretariat, which was assisted in its deliberations by the Review Advisory Board (a list of Members is contained in Appendix I), wishes to place on record its grateful appreciation to the members of the Board for the contribution they made to its Review. The Secretariat also wishes to thank the many Governments, individuals, utilities, research organizations and manufacturing concerns for their help during the course of the Review.

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1. Executive Summary and Recommendations
   • Executive Summary
   • Recommendations
2. General Mandate of the Review
3. Review Objectives and Procedures
   • Review Objectives
   • Review Procedures
4. Energy Perspectives
   • The Current Energy Supply/Demand Position
   • Prospects for the Rest of the Century and their Implications
5. Description of District Heating and Combined Heat and Power Systems
   • Introduction
   • Heat Production Units
   • Environmental Control Technologies
   • Heat Transmission Systems
   • Heat Distribution Systems
   • Heat Distribution Media
   • Piping and Insulation Materials
   • Leakage
   • Consumer Installation
   • System Comparison for Individual Countries
6. Factors which Influence the Impact of District Heating and Combined Heat and Power Systems
   • Economic Criteria
   • Competing Systems
   • Climatic Conditions
   • Energy Considerations
   • Building Factors
   • Utility Considerations
   • Consumer Perspectives
   • Industrial Perspectives
   • Environmental Considerations
   • Other Aspects
   • Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages
7. Research and Development Activities, Standards, Nomenclature and Data Considerations
   • Research and Development Activities
   • Standards, Nomenclature and Data Considerations
8. District Heating and Combined Heat and Power in Individual Countries
   • Austria
   • Denmark
   • Finland
   • Germany
   • The Netherlands
   • Sweden
   • United Kingdom
   • United States
   • Other IEA Countries
9. Cross-Country Discussions
   • Energy Features
   • The Impact of District Heating and Combined Heat and Power Systems

Appendices

1. Membership of the Review Advisory Board
2. Country Report - Austria
3. Country Report - Denmark
4. Country Report - Finland
5. Country Report - Germany
6. Country Report - Netherlands
7. Country Report - Sweden
8. Country Report - United Kingdom
9. Country Report - United States
10. Country Report - Other IEA Countries

Bibliography

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| IEA DHC Information Area |